Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwafi da Binciken Gwajin Kwacewa

Tare da ingantuwar yanayin rayuwar jama'a cikin sauri, masana'antar kayan kwalliyar kasar Sin tana habaka.A zamanin yau, rukuni na "jam'iyyar sashi" ya ci gaba da fadadawa, abubuwan da ke cikin kayan shafawa sun zama masu haske, kuma amincin su ya zama abin da masu amfani suka mayar da hankali.Baya ga amincin kayan kwalliya da kansu, kayan tattarawa suna da alaƙa da ingancin kayan kwalliya.Yayin da marufi na kwaskwarima ke taka rawar ado, mafi mahimmancin manufarsa shine don kare kayan shafawa daga jiki, sinadarai, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran haɗari.Zabi marufi mai dacewa Ana iya tabbatar da ingancin kayan kwalliya.Koyaya, amincin kayan marufi da kansa da dacewarsa da kayan kwalliya shima yakamata a gwada.A halin yanzu, akwai ƙananan ƙa'idodin gwaji da ƙa'idodin da suka dace don kayan marufi a cikin filin kwaskwarima.Don gano abubuwa masu guba da abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya, babban mahimmanci shine ka'idodin da suka dace a fagen abinci da magani.Dangane da taƙaita rabe-rabe na kayan kwalliyar da aka saba amfani da su don kayan kwalliya, wannan takarda tana yin nazari akan yuwuwar sinadarai marasa aminci a cikin kayan marufi, da gwajin dacewa na kayan marufi lokacin da suka haɗu da kayan kwalliya, wanda ke ba da takamaiman jagora don zaɓi da aminci. gwaji na kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya.koma zuwa.A halin yanzu, a fannin kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya da gwaje-gwajen su, an fi gwada wasu karafa masu nauyi da masu guba da cutarwa.A cikin gwajin dacewa na kayan marufi da kayan kwalliya, ana la'akari da ƙaura na abubuwa masu guba da cutarwa zuwa abubuwan da ke cikin kayan kwalliya.

1. Nau'in kayan tattara kayan da aka saba amfani da su don kayan kwalliya

A halin yanzu, kayan da aka saba amfani da su don kayan kwalliya sun hada da gilashi, filastik, karfe, yumbu da sauransu.Zaɓin marufi na kwaskwarima yana ƙayyade kasuwa da daraja zuwa wani matsayi.Kayan marufi na gilashi har yanzu sune mafi kyawun zaɓi don manyan kayan kwalliya saboda kamannin su mai ban sha'awa.Kayayyakin marufi na robobi sun haɓaka kasonsu na kasuwar kayan buɗaɗɗen duk shekara saboda ƙaƙƙarfan halaye masu ɗorewa.Ana amfani da hana iska sosai don feshi.A matsayin sabon nau'in kayan tattarawa, kayan yumbura sannu a hankali suna shiga kasuwar kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya saboda babban amincin su da kayan ado.

1.1Gilashis

Kayayyakin gilashi suna cikin nau'in kayan amorphous inorganic waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarancin sinadarai, ba su da sauƙin amsawa tare da kayan kwalliya, kuma suna da babban aminci.A lokaci guda, suna da manyan kaddarorin shinge kuma ba su da sauƙin shiga.Bugu da kari, galibin kayan gilashin a bayyane suke kuma kyawawa na gani, kuma kusan sun zama monopolized a fagen manyan kayan kwalliya da turare.Nau'in gilashin da aka saba amfani da su a cikin marufi na kwaskwarima sune gilashin siliki na soda lemun tsami da gilashin borosilicate.Yawancin lokaci, siffar da zane na irin wannan nau'in kayan aiki yana da sauƙi.Domin sanya shi launi, ana iya ƙara wasu kayan don bayyanar da launi daban-daban, kamar ƙara Cr2O3 da Fe2O3 don sanya gilashin ya zama kore mai launin ruwan hoda, ƙara Cu2O don yin ja, da kuma ƙara CdO don bayyanar da Emerald green. .Hasken rawaya, da dai sauransu. A cikin ra'ayi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi na kayan kwalliyar gilashi kuma babu wani ƙari mai yawa, kawai gano ƙarfe mai nauyi yawanci ana aiwatar da shi a cikin gano abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin kayan marufi na gilashi.Duk da haka, ba a kafa ma'auni masu dacewa don gano ƙananan karafa a cikin kayan marufi na gilashi don kayan shafawa, amma gubar, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, da dai sauransu sun iyakance a cikin ma'auni na kayan marufi na gilashin magunguna, wanda ke ba da ma'ana don ganowa. na kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya.Gabaɗaya, kayan marufi na gilashin suna da lafiya, amma aikace-aikacen su kuma yana da wasu matsaloli, kamar yawan amfani da makamashi a cikin tsarin samarwa da tsadar sufuri.Bugu da ƙari, daga hangen nesa na gilashin marufi da kanta, yana da matukar damuwa ga ƙananan zafin jiki.Lokacin da ake jigilar kayan kwalliya daga yanayin zafi mai zafi zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki, kayan kwalliyar gilashin yana da sauƙi ga daskarewa da sauran matsaloli.

1.2Filastik

Kamar yadda wani kayan kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliyar da aka saba amfani da su, filastik yana da halayen juriya na sinadarai, nauyi mai sauƙi, ƙarfi da sauƙin canza launi.Idan aka kwatanta da kayan marufi na gilashi, ƙirar kayan kwalliyar filastik sun fi bambanta, kuma ana iya tsara salo daban-daban bisa ga yanayin aikace-aikacen daban-daban.Filastik da aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan tattara kayan kwalliya a kasuwa galibi sun haɗa da polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), styrene-acrylonitrile polymer (AS), polyparaphenylene Ethylene glycol dicarboxylate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (PETG), acrylic. , acrylonitrile-butadiene [1] styrene terpolymer (ABS), da dai sauransu, daga cikinsu PE, PP, PET, AS, PETG na iya kasancewa cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da abubuwan kwaskwarima.The acrylic da aka sani da plexiglass yana da babban permeability da kyakkyawan bayyanar, amma ba zai iya tuntuɓar abubuwan da ke ciki kai tsaye ba.Yana buƙatar sanye take da lilin don toshe shi, kuma ya kamata a kula da shi don hana abubuwan da ke ciki shiga tsakanin layin da kwalban acrylic lokacin cikawa.Fatsawa yana faruwa.ABS filastik injiniya ce kuma ba za a iya tuntuɓar ta kai tsaye da kayan kwalliya ba.

Duk da cewa an yi amfani da kayan marufi na robobi da yawa, domin a inganta robobi da dorewar robobi yayin sarrafa su, ana amfani da wasu abubuwan da ba su dace da lafiyar ɗan adam ba, kamar su robobi, antioxidants, stabilizers, da sauransu. don kare lafiyar kayan kwalliyar filastik na kwaskwarima a gida da waje, hanyoyin kimantawa da hanyoyin da suka dace ba su fito fili ba.Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) suma ba kasafai suka shafi duba kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya ba.misali.Sabili da haka, don gano abubuwa masu guba da cutarwa a cikin kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya, zamu iya koya daga ƙa'idodin da suka dace a fagen abinci da magani.Plasticizers na phthalate da aka saba amfani da su suna da haɗari ga ƙaura a cikin kayan kwalliya tare da babban abun ciki na mai ko abun ciki mai ƙarfi, kuma suna da gubar hanta, ƙwayar koda, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity da ƙwayar haihuwa.kasata ta fito karara ta bayyana ƙaura na irin waɗannan robobi a fagen abinci.A cewar GB30604.30-2016 "Ƙaddamar da Phthalates a cikin Abubuwan Tuntuɓar Abinci da Kayayyaki da Ƙaddamar Hijira" Hijira na diallyl formate ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 0.01mg/kg, kuma ƙaura na sauran phthalic acid plasticizers ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 0.1mg /kg.Butylated hydroxyanisole wani nau'in carcinogen ne na aji na 2B wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta sanar a matsayin maganin antioxidant a cikin sarrafa robobi da aka saba amfani da su.Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanar da cewa iyakar yawan abincinta na yau da kullun shine 500μg/kg.Ƙasata ta tanada a cikin GB31604.30-2016 cewa ƙaura na tert-butyl hydroxyanisole a cikin marufi ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 30mg/kg.Bugu da ƙari, EU kuma tana da daidaitattun buƙatun don ƙaura na wakili mai toshe haske benzophenone (BP), wanda ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 0.6 mg/kg, kuma ƙaura na hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidants yakamata ya zama ƙasa da 3 mg/kg.Baya ga abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera kayan marufi na filastik waɗanda za su iya haifar da haɗarin aminci lokacin da suka haɗu da kayan shafawa, wasu ragowar monomers, oligomers da abubuwan kaushi na iya haifar da haɗari, kamar terephthalic acid, styrene, chlorine Ethylene. , epoxy resin, terephthalate oligomer, acetone, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, da dai sauransu EU ta ƙayyade cewa iyakar ƙaura na terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid da abubuwan da suka samo asali ya kamata a iyakance zuwa 5 ~ 7.5mg / kg, kuma ƙasata tana da ma. ya yi ka'idoji iri ɗaya.Domin sauran kaushi, jihar ta bayyana karara a fagen kayan marufi, wato jimillar ragowar sauran kaushi ba zai wuce 5.0mg/m2 ba, kuma ba za a gano kaushi na benzene ko benzene ba.

1.3 Karfe

A halin yanzu, kayan marufi na ƙarfe sun fi aluminium da baƙin ƙarfe, kuma akwai ƙarancin kwantena na ƙarfe mai tsafta.Kayan marufi na ƙarfe sun mamaye kusan dukkanin filin kayan kwalliyar feshi saboda fa'idodin rufewa mai kyau, kyawawan kaddarorin shinge, juriya mai zafi, sauƙin sake yin amfani da su, matsa lamba, da ikon ƙara abubuwan haɓakawa.Ƙarin abin ƙarfafawa zai iya sa kayan shafawa da aka fesa su zama mafi atom, inganta tasirin sha, da kuma jin dadi, yana ba mutane jin dadi da kuma farfado da fata, wanda ba a samu ta hanyar sauran kayan marufi ba.Idan aka kwatanta da kayan marufi na filastik, kayan marufi na ƙarfe suna da ƙarancin haɗari na aminci kuma suna da aminci, amma kuma ana iya samun narkewar ƙarfe mai cutarwa da lalata kayan kwalliya da kayan ƙarfe.

1.4 Ceramic

An haifi yumbura kuma an haɓaka shi a ƙasata, sun shahara a ketare, kuma suna da ƙimar ado mai girma.Kamar gilashi, suna cikin kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba.Suna da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, suna da juriya ga sinadarai iri-iri, kuma suna da tauri mai kyau da tauri.Juriya mai zafi, ba sauƙin karyewa cikin matsanancin sanyi da zafi ba, abu ne mai yuwuwar kayan tattara kayan kwalliya.Kayan yumbura da kansa yana da aminci sosai, amma kuma akwai wasu abubuwan da ba su da aminci, kamar gubar da za a iya gabatar da ita a lokacin da ake yin sintiri don rage yawan zafin jiki, kuma ana iya shigar da pigments na ƙarfe waɗanda ke tsayayya da zafin zafin jiki don haɓaka ƙayatarwa. na yumbu glaze, irin su cadmium sulfide, gubar oxide, chromium oxide, manganese nitrate, da dai sauransu A karkashin wasu yanayi, da nauyi karafa a cikin wadannan pigments na iya ƙaura zuwa cikin kwaskwarima abun ciki, don haka gano da nauyi narkar da karfe a cikin yumbu marufi kayan ba zai iya ba. a yi watsi da su.

2. Gwajin dacewa da marufi

Daidaituwa yana nufin cewa "ma'amalar tsarin marufi tare da abubuwan da ke ciki bai isa ya haifar da canje-canjen da ba za a yarda da su ba ga abubuwan da ke ciki ko marufi".Gwajin dacewa hanya ce mai inganci don tabbatar da inganci da amincin kayan kwalliya.Ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da amincin masu amfani ba, har ma da suna da haɓaka haɓakar kamfani.A matsayin muhimmin tsari a cikin ci gaban kayan shafawa, dole ne a duba shi sosai.Kodayake gwaji ba zai iya guje wa duk matsalolin tsaro ba, gazawar gwaji na iya haifar da matsalolin tsaro daban-daban.Ba za a iya yin watsi da gwajin dacewa da kayan aikin don bincike da haɓakawa na kwaskwarima ba.Ana iya raba gwajin dacewa na kayan marufi zuwa hanyoyi biyu: gwajin dacewa na kayan marufi da abubuwan da ke ciki, da sarrafa na biyu na kayan marufi da gwajin dacewa da abubuwan ciki.

2.1Gwajin dacewa da kayan marufi da abun ciki

Gwajin dacewa da kayan marufi da abun ciki ya haɗa da dacewa ta jiki, dacewa da sinadarai da haɓakar halittu.Daga cikin su, gwajin dacewa na jiki yana da sauƙi.Ya fi bincikar ko abubuwan da ke ciki da kayan marufi masu alaƙa za su sami sauye-sauye na zahiri lokacin da aka adana su ƙarƙashin babban zafin jiki, ƙarancin zafin jiki da yanayin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kamar talla, shigar ciki, hazo, fasa da sauran abubuwan ban mamaki.Ko da yake kayan marufi irin su yumbu da robobi yawanci suna da kyakkyawar juriya da kwanciyar hankali, akwai al'amura da yawa kamar talla da kutse.Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don bincika daidaiton jiki na kayan marufi da abun ciki.Daidaituwar sinadarai galibi yana bincika ko abubuwan da ke ciki da kayan marufi masu alaƙa za su sami sauye-sauyen sinadarai lokacin da aka adana su ƙarƙashin babban zafin jiki, ƙarancin zafin jiki da yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kamar ko abubuwan da ke ciki suna da abubuwan ban mamaki kamar canza launin, wari, canjin pH, da delamination.Don gwajin daidaituwar halittu, galibi shine ƙaura na abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin kayan marufi zuwa abubuwan da ke ciki.Daga nazarin na'ura, ƙaura daga waɗannan abubuwa masu guba da masu cutarwa ya faru ne saboda kasancewar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙaddamarwa a gefe guda, wato, akwai babban ma'auni mai mahimmanci a cikin mahaɗin tsakanin kayan marufi da kayan kwalliya;Yana hulɗa tare da kayan marufi, har ma ya shiga cikin kayan tattarawa kuma yana haifar da narkar da abubuwa masu cutarwa.Don haka, a cikin yanayin hulɗar dogon lokaci tsakanin kayan tattarawa da kayan kwalliya, abubuwa masu guba da cutarwa a cikin kayan tattarawa suna iya yin ƙaura.Don ƙayyadaddun ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin kayan marufi, GB9685-2016 Abubuwan Tuntuɓar Abinci da Kayayyakin Amfani da Ka'idodi don Kayayyaki suna ƙayyadad da gubar ƙarfe mai nauyi (1mg/kg), antimony (0.05mg/kg), zinc (20mg/kg) da arsenic ( 1 mg/kg).kg), gano kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya na iya komawa ga ka'idoji a filin abinci.Gano na ƙarfe masu nauyi galibi suna daukar nauyin ɗaukar hoto na atomompetry na atomom, wanda aka haɗa plasma sassma na farko, atomic mai kyalli spectresry da sauransu.Yawancin lokaci waɗannan masu amfani da filastik, antioxidants da sauran abubuwan ƙari suna da ƙarancin ƙima, kuma ganowar yana buƙatar isa ga ƙarancin ganowa ko ƙimar ƙididdigewa (µg/L ko mg/L).Ci gaba da da sauransu. Duk da haka, ba duk abubuwan leaching ba zasu yi tasiri mai tsanani akan kayan shafawa.Muddin adadin abubuwan leaching sun bi ƙa'idodin ƙasa masu dacewa da ƙa'idodin gwaji masu dacewa kuma ba su da illa ga masu amfani, waɗannan abubuwan leaching sun dace da al'ada.

2.2 Yin aiki na biyu na kayan marufi da gwajin dacewa da abun ciki

Gwajin dacewa na aiki na biyu na kayan marufi da abubuwan da ke ciki yawanci yana nufin dacewa da tsarin launi da bugu na kayan marufi tare da abun ciki.A canza launi tsari na marufi kayan yafi hada da anodized aluminum, electroplating, spraying, zana zinariya da azurfa, sakandare hadawan abu da iskar shaka, allura gyare-gyaren launi, da dai sauransu The bugu tsari na marufi kayan yafi hada da siliki allo bugu, zafi stamping, ruwa canja wurin bugu, thermal canja wuri. bugu, bugu na biya, da sauransu. Wannan nau'in gwajin dacewa yawanci yana nufin shafan abubuwan da ke ciki a saman kayan marufi, sa'an nan kuma sanya samfurin a ƙarƙashin babban zafin jiki, ƙarancin zafin jiki da yanayin yanayin zafi na al'ada don dacewa na dogon lokaci ko gajere. gwaje-gwaje.Alamomin gwajin sun fi dacewa ko bayyanar kayan marufin ya tsage, gurɓatacce, faɗuwa da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, saboda za a sami wasu abubuwa masu cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin tawada, tawada zuwa abubuwan ciki na kayan marufi a lokacin sarrafa na biyu.Hakanan ya kamata a bincika ƙaura a cikin kayan.

3. Summary da Outlook

Wannan takarda tana ba da wasu taimako don zaɓin kayan tattarawa ta hanyar taƙaita abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kayan kwalliya da abubuwan da ba su da aminci.Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da wasu ƙididdiga don aikace-aikacen kayan aiki ta hanyar taƙaita gwajin dacewa na kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya.Koyaya, a halin yanzu akwai ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin da suka dace don kayan marufi na kwaskwarima, kawai na yanzu "Ƙa'idodin Fasaha Safety Safety" (2015 edition) ya nuna cewa "kayan marufi waɗanda ke tuntuɓar kayan kwalliya kai tsaye za su kasance lafiya, ba za su sami halayen sinadarai tare da kayan kwalliya ba, kuma dole ne su kasance da aminci. ba yin hijira ko saki ga jikin mutum ba.Abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba”.Duk da haka, ko dai gano abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin marufi da kansa ko gwajin dacewa, ya zama dole don tabbatar da amincin kayan kwalliya.Duk da haka, don tabbatar da amincin marufi na kwaskwarima, baya ga buƙatar ƙarfafa kulawa ta sassan ƙasa masu dacewa, ya kamata kamfanonin kayan shafawa su tsara ma'auni masu dacewa don gwada shi, masana'antun kayan ya kamata su kula da amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da masu guba da cutarwa a ciki. tsarin samar da kayan tattarawa.An yi imanin cewa a karkashin ci gaba da bincike kan kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliyar da jihohi da sassan da suka dace, matakin gwajin lafiya da gwajin dacewa na kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya za su ci gaba da inganta, kuma za a kara tabbatar da amincin masu amfani da kayan shafa.